Research proposal- air pollution around london and child health Essay

Research proposal- air pollution around london and child health - Essay Example The data for use in the project will be in the form of both descriptive and inferential statistics while the analysis will employ both qualitative and quantitative methods. About academic and scholarly articles, industrial air pollution significantly affects children health. An analytical comparison of London and other non-industrial cities the world helps to establish the above statement. This project proposal aims at highlighting the neglected issue of industrial pollution on the health of city residents. This research proposal is about air pollution around London and child health. The research is therefore aimed at investigating the effects of air pollution and its significance on public health. Previous research has established air pollution in central London to affect all the people living and working in the English capital city. In 2008, statistics from the London Local Government estimated 4,000 deaths to be related to air pollution (KuÈnzli et. al, 2000) . Over the past 50 years, the U.K Government has made several significant steps towards the reduction of air pollution. However, the latest research findings have found children to be the most vulnerable age group alongside older people. Asthma the most familiar childhood chronic respiratory disorder is on the increase in London and other industrialized cities. In the 1980’s, childhood asthma’s prevalence shot up by approximately 40%. Several factors have been associated with asthma and other respiratory diseases. These factors include biological and environmental factors. Biological factors include one’s genetic composition and allergy reactions. Environmental factors include tobacco smoke, dust mites and air pollution. Previous studies have directly linked ozone and particulate forms of air pollution as the primary causes of asthma in children (KuÈnzli et al, 2000). Several organizations globally have recognized the damage

WHY ESTIMATING IN CONSTRUCTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WHY ESTIMATING IN CONSTRUCTION - Essay Example Only with such forecasts can clients be informed of the likely financial commitment. Designers need advice on the effect of their decisions on the cost of the project, and contractors need to be confident that the estimates that form the basis of their tenders are realistic. If their tender prices are consistently high they will fail to attract work, alternatively if their prices are too low, they will gain work at unprofitable rates. â€Å"Cost estimating methods have followed closely the division between the design phase and the construction phase† (Ogunlana, 19). During the design phase the cost estimate is the principal responsibility of the client’s cost estimator: the quantity surveyor or the design engineer. The estimate of detailed construction costs is seldom commenced until the tendering process is set in motion, and a contractor is requested to tender for the work. The level of detail included within the cost estimate will be dependent upon the client’s requirements and the stage within the project that the estimate is required. In the design stage the information available and the speed at which estimates are required precludes the preparation of a detailed estimate. It is not until the period immediately prior to the start of construction that the level of information available enables a detailed estimate to be produced. Where the work is put out to tender it becomes the responsibility of the client, or his representative, to provide sufficient detail of the project to enable a detailed estimate to be prepared. Construction cost estimating may therefore be divided into two categories: design phase cost estimating and contractor’s cost estimating. Within each of these two categories there are several different methods of producing cost estimates. This paper provides a description of the estimating methods used in the design phase and also describes

Geisha Girls In Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Geisha Girls In Japan - Essay Example The concept of geisha and geisha girls believed to be started from the 17 the century onwards in Japanese community even though the history of Japan shows that even in the 9 Th and 11th centuries some girls performed dances for warriors and other upper classes of the society. Young girls were forcefully sold into the geisha life by their families until the mid-20th century and their virginity was sold to the highest bidder. Prostitution was strongly associated with the geisha girls. Even the dance forms geisha girls perform were erotic and sex provoking. By tradition, Japanese society is not giving much importance to the one girl for one man concept. For them, sex was not a sin, but a much needed psychological need. It was quite possible for a person to have sex with the wife of another person if both of them were in love with each other. Japanese males had the habit of selecting their wives just for producing healthy children. They gave least considerations to the aspects of love an d sexual relationships when they selected their partners for marriage. The duty of the wives was childbearing and looking after of the children. Japanese males looked for geisha girls for their true sexual needs and love relationships. Thus geisha girls had more roles in Japanese male life than their wives. Moreover, they had more importance in Japanese social life also compared to the other normal females. The profession of geisha girls was considered as a glorified profession similar to the professions of current film celebrities.

"FLOW" Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

"FLOW" Assignment - Essay Example He author indicates that people cannot acquire happiness by, â€Å"consciously searching for it† (Csikszentmihalyi 2). For this reason, the book primarily focuses on the â€Å"flow† in reference to the states that people encounter in spite of the challenges that the universe brings forth. These states happen to everyone regardless of their cultures, ages, or societal statuses. The book describes Flow as a conscious state, which is possible to achieve on a personal path. This state has common elements in which the person experiencing it can be the only that can identify it. The author looks at the common experiences and descriptions of people in the â€Å"flow† state. In this case, people in the â€Å"flow† seemingly achieve the state of consciousness, which is in harmony with their feelings and environment. Flow creates an inner state of being or an inexplicable moment of indescribable peace, fulfillment and happiness that people experience at exceptional intervals. The peace and satisfaction is separate from the people’s external environment. When an individual is in the flow state, he or she focuses on doing those things that are meaningful and purposeful. For this reason, an individual in such a state is absorbed in performing their activities, and they have a sense of connection with themselves and with others. The basis for the experiences is seemingly for controlling consciousness and the creation of meaning in a state of unity, which remains to be consistent with the themes of an individual’s life. For this reason, Csikszentmihalyi identifies the optimal experience as something that a person can achieve given the challenges and opportunities available for expansion. The overall theme of Csikszentmihalyi’s writing is happiness. The author points out that the Aristotelian concept that everything people look for, whether power, fame, wealth or any other thing, are only valuable when they believe that they will make them happy.

FDA policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FDA policy - Essay Example FDA policies regarding raising chicken FDA defines precisely how chicken should be raised in terms of the treatment given and the methods used to keep them. Its policies outline how antibiotics should be used or should not be used in poultry production. This is to slow down the development of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. The agency has trumpeted the policies as the beginning of termination of the misuse of drugs on chicken (Allport-Settle 30). However, the FDA missed the point. While the policies call for the end of using antibiotics to make chicken grow faster, they approve continuous use of such drugs to compensate for unsanitary and overcrowded conditions and prevent diseases at firm operations that produce poultry food. The prophylactic or preventive use of antibiotics resembles their use for growth promotion including similar low doses that are equally responsible in the antibiotic resistance. The FDA encourages the use of preventive drugs necessary to assure chic ken health. Left unaddressed is whatever that makes this use ‘necessary’. The use of antibiotics to make chicken grow faster seems to be in its last stages, though much will depend on how rapidly drug companies comply with the policies and whether the food poultry industry complies at all. According to the public health advocates, the fight now shifts to the use of such drugs to prevent diseases. This is a much steeper hill to scale; their misuse lies at the center of industrial food poultry production, yet the FDA has renounced its responsibility to stop it. In 2005, FDA banned the use of fluoroquinolone in poultry production in the US to reduce the occurrence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter. However, little is known regarding the potential effectiveness of this policy (Luangtongkum 72). A research was conducted with an objective of following temporal changes in the occurrences of Campylobacter among chicken from two conservative producers who declared their termination of fluoroquinolone use in 2002, only three years before the FDA’s ban. Another objective was the occurrence of this antibiotic disease in conventional chicken products to those from producers who do not use antibiotics. Chicken samples were collected from three antibiotic-free keepers and two conventional chicken keepers over the course of five months in 2004 and 15 weeks in 2006. Fluoroquinolone resistance rates were compared among Campylobacter isolates from the diverse producers. From the results, it was established that there was no major change in the percentage of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter segregates from the two conventional keepers over the period of study. Further, Campylobacter strains from both producers were significantly more probable to resist fluoroquinolone compared to those from the antibiotic-free ones. Therefore, fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter might be persistent contaminants of chicken products even after ceasing to use on-farm fluoroquinolone. The FDA’s ban on the use of this antibiotic in chicken rising may therefore be insufficient in reducing resistant Campylobacter in chicken products. FDA policies regarding genetically engineering corn For about two decades, FDA has been analyzing genetic modification methods for drug-biological growth as well as the development of new foodstuffs. The agency has carefully created policies to accommodate the evolving and changing world of biotechnology.

Cardio-vascular disease in the United States Essay

Cardio-vascular disease in the United States - Essay Example In order to target this leading national health problem, The American Heart Association (AHA) updated CVD prevention guidelines for women in early 2007, encouraging the pursuit of a healthy lifestyle early on. In previous decades, CVD was thought to affect greater proportions of American men than women. This was an incorrect conclusion, but reinforced by the fact that clinical trials predominantly used male subjects instead of females, and that women are less likely to show cardiovascular symptoms as early as males. In fact, on average, women begin to show symptoms 10 years later in life then do men. It is evident in the research literature as well as in formal published insurance analyses (Murasko 1746) that women continue to receive less aggressive treatment for CVD events than is provided to men and this inadequate treatment worsens with the patient’s increasing age (Murasko 1755-6, Sarafidis 224; Alter et al. 1916). At the same time, women survive CVD events such as myocar dial infarction (MI) more frequently than do men (ibid.), adding to the US population segment comprised of the elderly with cardiac history, inadequate treatment, and higher long-term medical expenses, because their risk of additional CVD events is 1.5 – 15% higher than average: â€Å"After adjusting for baseline differences, the relative rates of angiography and follow-up specialist care for women relative to men, respectively, fell 17.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.6 to 21.3, p â€Å"†¦ for individuals with previously diagnosed heart disease or stroke, a lack of coverage is more strongly associated with lower

How are fashion and appearance central to the construction of social Essay - 1

How are fashion and appearance central to the construction of social identities Discuss, with reference to specific examples - Essay Example Fashion has always directed humans to create a self-identity and is craved according to the geographical location and cultural or religious discourse. Dress is not just mere apparel; it is symbolic of social, cultural and economic identity. It is a very poignant determining factor for social status and cultural block. Looking at the fashion of a gentleman or lady, one can determine the respective class, society or his geographical belonging. Thus, dress is a medium to hide many lacunas of human life and characteristics with gleaming shine or brightness. Since the inception of fashion in human civilization, it had been quite instrumental in designing and determining socio-cultural identity transcended sometime beyond the mere periphery of ethnic identity. The greatest instance in this regard is the subculture that evolved from the Lolita culture in Japan. A fashion statement which becomes so popular in the Asian province of Japan, actually originated from the Victorian style of clothing. With this the fashion trend from the Rocco period also influenced the Lolita fashion. Lolita fashion attained its unique stature by mingling gothic elements into the pertaining fashion statement to its context. Through the passage of time, Lolita fashion has evolved into myriad of sub styles which gave birth to a devoted subculture in Japan. The Lolita look essentially consists of a skirt or dress up to knee-length along with a few other kinds of dress elements such as headdress, blouse, petticoat, knee high shocks along with shoes that are of rocki ng horse kind or high heel or platform shoes (Yoshinaga & Ishikawa, 2007). The exact origination of Lolita fashion is not clear but it gained its popularity and started reaching many parts of the world during the movement that started during the period of late 1970s when famous brands and labels namely Pink House, Milk and Angelic Pretty began to sell clothes that was about to be considered as